In 1862, after the return of the Sumter, the Navy issued dress regulations. Epaulettes, apparently of US Navy type, were also worn for general musters. Lieutenant's stripe had an 'executive' loop, while the commander's top stripe looped up and the bottom stripe looped downwards. Col., 1st Engineers, CSA, 1861 2: Sgt., 1st Engineers, CSA, 1864 3: Lieutenant, CS Navy, 1864ġ: Seaman, CS Navy, 1865 2: 2nd Lt., CS Marine Corps, 1865 3: Sgt., CS Marine Corps, 1865 Theģ: Major, US Topographical Engineers, 1864ġ: Lt. The insignia were made up of gold stripes, one for a lieutenant and two for a commander. The first Confederate Navy officers' uniforms appear, from photographs of officers of the CSS Sumter, to have been dark blue like those of their US Navy counterparts, save for cuff rank insignia. The Navy also formed a land brigade for the defence of Richmond in 1864-65, which surrendered with the Army of Northern Virginia at Appomattox on 9 April 1865. This was the first ironclad naval ship in American waters, and its battle with the Northern Monitor changed naval history.
Despite a lack of shipbuilding facilities, the Navy launched 37 ironclads, the most famous of which was the CSS Virginia, better known as the Merrimac. In late 1864 it numbered 700 commissioned and warrant officers and 3,674 enlisted men, probably its peak strength. A navy to defend the South's waters and to prey on Northern shipping was authorised on 16 March 1861.
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